 | Scott McCrickardAssociate Professor
|
Research Interests
My research vision is to lead the emergence of the notification systems research field to a position marked by cohesive community effort, scientific method, and focus on relevant, real-world problems--providing improved system interfaces and engineering processes. I work on both the process and application side in advancing this emerging domain. My process side work focuses on ways to capture, share, and reuse interface design knowlege. My applications, generally developed for mobile devices (tablet PCs, handhelds, and mobile phones), focus on fields in which appropriate notifications have great potential value--health and wellness, assistive technologies, work-order systems, and educational situations.
Notification Systems Research LabURL: http://research.cs.vt.edu/ns/ Notification systems attempt to deliver current, important information to the user in an efficient and effective manner. Examples of familiar notification systems include instant messaging systems, system and user status updates, email alerts, and news and stock tickers. With the popularity of these systems skyrocketing in recent years, our group explores the effects of incoming notifications on ongoing computing tasks, creating models for their design, implementation, and evaluation. Please feel free to contact us with questions or comments about our work. |
2013
McCrickard, D. S., S. Wahid, S. Branham, and S. Harrison,
"Achieving Both Creativity and Rationale: Reuse in Design with Images and Claims",
Creativity and Rationale: Enhancing Human Experience by Design, London, Springer-Verlag, pp. 105-120, 2013.
2012
McCrickard, D. S.,
Making Claims: Knowledge Design, Capture, and Sharing in HCI,
: Morgan & Claypool, 2012.
McCrickard, D. S., J. T. Barksdale, and F. Doswell,
"Understanding cool: An analytic exploration of contributing factors for teens",
PsychNology Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 93-102, 06/2012.
Streefkerk, J. W., D. S. McCrickard, M. P. van Esch-Bussemakers, and M. Neerincx,
"Balancing awareness and interruption in mobile patrol using context-aware notification",
International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction (IJMHCI), vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1-27, 07/2012.
Barksdale, J. T., and D. S. McCrickard,
"Software product innovation in agile usability teams: An analytical framework of social capital, network governance, and usability knowledge management",
International Journal of Agile and Extreme Software Development, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 52-77, 06/2012.
2011
Wahid, S., D. S. McCrickard, J. DeGol, and S. Harrison,
"Don't drop it!: pick it up and storyboard",
2011 annual conference on Human factors in computing systems (CHI '11), Vancouver, BC, Canada, ACM, 05/2011.
McCrickard, D. S., S. Wahid, S. M. Branham, and S. Harrison,
"Achieving both creativity and rationale: Reuse in design with images and claims",
Human Technology, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 109-122, 08/2011.
Abstract
Lee, J. C., T. K. Judge, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Evaluating eXtreme Scenario-based Design in a Distributed Team",
2011 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '11), 05/2011.
McCrickard, D. S., D. M. Townsend, I. I. I. Woodrow W. Winchester, and T. Barnes,
"Leveraging card-based collaborative activities as culturally situated design tools",
HCI International 2011 (HCII '11), Orlando, FL, 07/2011.
2010
Vega, L., Y. T. Sun, D. S. McCrickard, and S. Harrison,
"TIME: A Method for Detecting Dynamic Variances of Trust",
In the Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Information Credibility on the Web. (In conjunction with 19th World Wide Web Conference 2010, Raleigh-Durham, NC, 04/2010.
McCrickard, D. S., M. E. Atwood, G. Curtis, and S. Harrison,
"Artifacts in design: representation, ideation, and process",
28th of the international conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (CHI EA '10), Atlanta GA, ACM, pp. 4445-4448, 05/2010.
Barksdale, J. T., and D. S. McCrickard,
"Concept Mapping in Agile Usability: A Case Study",
ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '10), Atlanta, GA, 04/2010.
Wahid, S., S. Branham, D. S. McCrickard, and S. Harrison,
"Investigating the Relationship Between Imagery and Rationale in Design",
2010 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS '10), Aarhus, Denmark, 08/2010.
2009
Montabert, C., D. S. McCrickard, W. W. Winchester, and M. A. Pérez-Quiñones,
"An integrative approach to requirements analysis: How task models support requirements reuse in a user-centric design framework",
Interacting with Computers, vol. 21, issue 4, pp. 304 - 315, 08/2009.
Wahid, Branham, Cairco, D. S. McCrickard, and S. Harrison,
"Picking Up Artifacts: Storyboarding as a Gateway to Reuse.",
In Proceedings of the IFIP TC.13 Page 8 of 10 Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT '09), vol. 5727, Uppsala Sweden, pp. 528 - 541, 08/2009.
Lee, J. C., D. S. McCrickard, and T. K. Stevens,
"Examining the Foundations of Agile Usability with eXtreme Scenario-based Design",
In Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Agile Software Development (Agile 2009), Chicago IL, pp. 3-10, 08/2009.
Barksdale, J. T., E. D. Ragan, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Easing Team Politics in Agile Usability: A Concept Mapping Approach.",
2009 Conference on Agile Software Development (Agile 2009): Chicago IL, pp. 19-25, 08/2009.
2008
Smith, G., L. C. Vega, and D. S. McCrickard,
Education and Design: Using Human-Computer Interaction Case Studies to Learn,
, CD ROM, Auburn AL,, pp. 5 pages,, 03/2008.
Williams, L., D. S. McCrickard, L. Layman, and K. Hussein,
"Eleven Guidelines for Implementing Pair Programming in the Classroom",
2008 Conference on Agile Software Development (Agile 2008), Toronto, Canada, 06/2008.
Ndiwalana, A., and D. S. McCrickard,
"From Everyday Objects to Computational Devices: Understanding the Science behind Ubiquitous Computing Interface Design",
International Journal of Computing and ICT Research (IJCIR), vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 49-61, 12/2008.
Uluca, D., J. W. Streefkerk, B. Sciacchitano, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Designing automated handheld navigation support",
10th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI 2008), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 09/2008.
2007
Lee, J. C., S. Wahid, D. S. McCrickard, C. M. Chewar, and B. Congleton.,
"Understanding Usability: Investigating an Integrated Design Environment and Management System",
International Journal of Information Technology and Smart Education (ITSE),, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. pages 161-175, 08/2007.
Sun, Y. - T., L. Vega, and D. S. McCrickard,
Taking the Case: An Evaluation of Digital Case Study Libraries,
, pp. pp. 813-820., 2007.
Branham, S. M., S. Wahid, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Channeling Creativity: Using Storyboards and Claims to Encourage Collaborative Design",
Workshop on Tools in Support of Creative Collaboration (part of Creativity & Cognition 2007), Washington DC, 07/2007.
Lally, L., D. S. McCrickard, and J. C. Lee,
"Setting the stage for community-based tech-ubiquity in the built environment",
Design Intelligence (DI), vol. 13, no. 4, pp. pages 20-28, 04/2007.
Sampat, M., D. S. McCrickard, J. Gabbard, A. Kavanaugh, M. A. Pérez-Quiñones, and J. C. Lee,
"Refashioning our Interaction with Space",
In Workshop on Mobile Spatial Interaction (part of CHI 2007) , San Jose CA,, 05/2007.
Montabert, C., and D. S. McCrickard,
"Reuse-centric Requirements Analysis with Task Models, Scenarios, and Critical Parameters",
Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics, and Informatics (SCI), vol. 5, pp. pages 72-78, 2007.
2006
Berry, B., L. Hobby, D. S. McCrickard, C. North, and M. A. Perez-Quinones,
Making a Case for HCI: Exploring Benefits of Visualization for Case Studies,
, Orlando FL, pp. 485-492, 2006.
Terrell, G., and D. S. McCrickard,
"Enlightening a Co-Located Community with a Semi-Public Notification System",
ACM Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW 2006) , Banff Alberta Canada, pp. pp. 21-24., 11/2006.
Wahid, S., J. C. Lee, S. Bhatia, M. A. Pérez-Quiñones, and D. S. McCrickard,
"CaBN: Disparate Information Management through Context-Aware Notifications",
16th International Conference on Computer Theory and Applications (ICCTA 2006), Alexandria Egypt, pp. pp. 46-49., 09/2006.
Montabert, C., and D. S. McCrickard,
"Task Models, Scenarios, and Critical Parameters: Toward the Establishment of an Effective Infrastructure for Reuse-centric Requirements Analysis",
3rd International Conference on Cybernetics and Information Technologies, Systems and Applications (CITSA 2006), Orlando FL, pp. pages 186-191, 07/2006.
Bhatia, S., and D. S. McCrickard,
"Listening to your inner voices: Investigating means for voice notifications.",
ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '06), Montreal Canada, pp. pp. 1173-1176, 04/2006.
Bhatia, S., C. Dahn, J. C. Lee, M. Sampat, and D. S. McCrickard,
"VTAssist—A Location-Based Feedback Notification System for the Disabled",
ACM Southeast Conference (ACMSE 2006), Melbourne FL, pp. pp. 512-517., 03/2006.
Nair, S., Anupam Kumar, M. Sampat, J. C. Lee, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Alumni Campus Tour: Capturing the Fourth Dimension in Location Based Notification Systems",
ACM Southast Conference (ACMSE 2006), Melbourne FL, pp. pp. 500-505., 03/2006.
Sciacchitano, B., C. Cerwinski, I. Brown, M. Sampat, J. C. Lee, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Intelligent Library Navigation using Location-aware Systems",
ACM Southeast Conference (ACMSE 2006), Melbourne FL,, pp. pp. 371-376., 03/2006.
2005
Somervell, J., and D. S. McCrickard,
"Better Discount Evaluation: Illustrating How Critical Parameters Support Heuristic Creation",
Interacting with Computers (IwC), vol. 17, pp. pp. 592-612,, 2005.
Chewar, C. M., D. S. McCrickard, and J. M. Carroll,
"Analyzing the Social Capital Value Chain in Community Networks",
Journal of Internet Research, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. pp. 262-280, 2005.
Montabert, C., D. Bussert, S. Gifford, C. M. Chewar, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Supporting Requirements Reuse in Notification Systems Design Through Task Modeling",
11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCII '05), Las Vegas NV, 07/2005.
Ndiwalana, A., Jason Lee, J. L. Smith, S. Wahid, and L. Hobby,
"From Personas to Design: Creating a Collaborative Multi-disciplinary Design Environment",
11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCII '05), Las Vegas NV,, 07/2005.
McCrickard, D. S., S. Wahid, J. C. Lee, and N. Polys,
"Use and Reuse in Information and Interaction Design",
11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCII '05), 07/2005.
Smith, J. L., S. A. Bohner, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Toward Introducing Notification Technology into Distributed Project Teams",
12th Annual IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the Engineering of Computer Based Systems, Greenbelt MD, 04/2005.
Chewar, C. M., and D. S. McCrickard,
"Links for a Human-Centered Science of Design: Integrated Design Knowledge Environments for a Software Development Process",
2005 Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS '05), CD ROM, Waikoloa HI,, pp. 10pages, 01/2005.
2004
Saraiya, P., C. A. Shaffer, D. S. McCrickard, and C. North,
"Effective features of algorithm visualizations",
Proceedings of the 35th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE 2004), Norfolk, Virginia, USA, pp. 382 - 386, March 2004.
Lee, J. C., C. M. Chewar, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Image is Everything: Advancing HCI Knowledge and Interface Design Using the System Image",
ACM Southeast Conference (ACMSE '05), Kennesaw GA, pp. pp. 2-376 - 2-381., 03/2004.
Hobby, L., J. Booker, D. S. McCrickard, C. M. Chewar, and J. Zietz,
"Facilitating and Automating Empirical Evaluation for Education",
ACM Southeast Conference (ACMSE '05), Kennesaw GA, pp. pp. 1-303 - 1-308, 03/2004.
Smith, J. L., S. A. Bohner, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Project Management for the 21st Century: Supporting Collaborative Design through Risk Analysis",
ACM Southeast Conference (ACMSE '05), Kennesaw GA, pp. pp. 2-300 - 2-305, 03/2004.
Belcher, J., R. Aidrus, B. Congleton, D. Hall, S. Hussain, M. Jablonski, T. Klunk, and D. S. McCrickard,
"NotiFly: Enhancing Design through Claims-Based Personas and Knowledge Reuse",
ACM Southeast Conference (ACMSE '05), Kennesaw GA, pp. pp. 2-359 - 2-364., 2004.
Wahid, S., J. L. Smith, B. Berry, C. M. Chewar, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Visualization of Design Knowledge Component Relationships to Facilitate Reuse",
IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration (IRI '04), Las Vegas NV, pp. pp. 414-419, 11/2004.
Lee, J. C., S. Lin, C. M. Chewar, and D. S. McCrickard,
"From Chaos to Cooperation: Teaching Analytic Evaluation with LINKUP",
E-Learn '04, Washington DC, pp. pp. 2755-2762, 11/2004.
Somervell, J., C. M. Chewar, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Making a Case for HCI: Comparing Materials for Case-Based Teaching",
Conference on Frontiers in Education (FIE '04), Savannah GA, pp. pp. T3H-4 - T3H-9., 10/2004.
Humphries, W. D., D. Neale, D. S. McCrickard, and J. M. Carroll,
"Laboratory Simulation Methods for Studying Complex Collaborative Tasks",
HFES '04, New Orleans LA, pp. pp. 2451-2455, 09/2004.
Somervell, J., and D. S. McCrickard,
"Comparing Generic vs Specific Heuristics: Illustrating a New UEM Comparison Technique",
HFES '04, New Orleans LA, pp. pp. 2480-2484., 09/2004.
Chewar, C. M., and D. S. McCrickard,
"Unpacking Critical Parameters for Interface Design: Evaluating Notification Systems with the IRC Framework",
DIS '04, Cambridge MA, pp. pp 279-288, 08/2004.
Wahid, S., C. F. Allgood, C. M. Chewar, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Entering the Heart of Design: Relationships for Tracing Claim Evolution",
SEKE '04, Banff Alberta Canada, pp. pp. 167-172., 06/2004.
Booker, J. E., C. M. Chewar, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Usability Testing of Notification Interfaces: Are We Focused on the Best Metrics?",
ACMSE '04, Huntsville AL,, 04/2004.
Fabian, A., D. Felton, M. Grant, C. Montabert, Kevin Pious, N. Rashidi, A. Ray, T. III, N. Taylor, C. M. Chewar, et al.,
"Designing the Claims Reuse Library: Validating Classification Methods for Notification Systems",
ACMSE '04, Huntsville AL, pp. pp 128-133., 04/2004.
McCrickard, D. S., and C. M. Chewar,
"“Proselytizing Pervasive Computing Education: A Strategy and Approach Influenced by Human- Computer Interaction",
PerEd '04, Orlando FL, pp. pp 257-262, 03/2004.
McCrickard, D. S., C. M. Chewar, and J. P. Somervell,
"Design, Science, and Engineering Topics--Teaching HCI with a Unified Method",
SIGCSE '04, Norfolk VA,, pp. pp 31-35., 03/2004.
2003
McCrickard, D. S., C. M. Chewar, J. P. Somervell, and A. Ndiwalana,
"A Model for Notification Systems Evaluation--Assessing User Goals for Multitasking Activity",
ACM Transactions on Computer- Human Interaction (TOCHI) , vol. 10 , no. 4, pp. pp. 312-338., 12/2003.
Ganoe, C., J. Somervell, D. Neale, P. Isenhour, J. M. Carroll, M. B. Rosson, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Classroom BRIDGE: Using Collaborative Public and Desktop Timelines to Support Activity Awareness",
ACM Conference on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '03), Vancouver BC Canada,, pp. pp. 21-30., 11/2003.
Payne, C., C. F. Allgood, C. M. Chewar, C. Holbrook, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Generalizing Interface Design Knowledge: Lessons Learned from Developing a Claims Library",
IRI '03, Las Vegas NV, pp. pp. 362-369., 10/2003.
Chewar, C. M., and D. S. McCrickard,
"Educating Novice Developers of Notification Systems: Targeting User-Goals with a Conceptual Framework",
EDMEDIA '03, Honolulu HI, pp. pp. 2759-2766., 06/2003.
Turnbull, D. G., C. M. Chewar, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Are Cognitive Architectures Mature Enough to Evaluate Notification Systems?",
SERP '03, Las Vegas NV, 06/2003.
McCrickard, D. S., R. Catrambone, C. M. Chewar, and J. T. Stasko,
"Establishing Tradeoffs that Leverage Attention for Utility: Empirically Evaluating Information Display in Notification Systems",
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies , vol. 8, no. 5, pp. pp. 547-582., 05/2003.
Carroll, J. M., D. C. Neale, P. Isenhour, M. B. Rosson, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Notification and Awareness: Synchronizing Task-Oriented Collaborative Activity",
International Journal of Human- Computer Studies, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. pp. 605-632., 05/2003.
McCrickard, D. S., M. Czerwinski, and L. Bartram,
"Introduction: Design and Evaluation of Notification User Interfaces",
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. pp. 509-514., 05/2003.
McCrickard, D. S., and C. M. Chewar,
"Attuning Notification Design to User Goals and Attention Costs",
Communications of the ACM , vol. 46, no. 3, pp. pp. 67-72., 03/2003.
McCrickard, D. S., D. Bussert, and D. Wrighton,
"A Toolkit for the Construction of Real World Interfaces",
ACMSE 2003, Savannah GA, pp. pp. 118-123, 03/2003.
Ndiwalana, A., C. M. Chewar, D. Bussert, J. Somervell, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Ubiquitous Computing: By the People, For the People",
ACMSE 2003, Savannah GA, pp. pp. 16-21., 03/2003.
Somervell, J., C. M. Chewar, D. S. McCrickard, and A. Ndiwalana,
"Enlarging Usability for Ubiquitous Displays",
ACMSE 2003, Savannah GA, pp. pp. 24-29, 03/2003.
Luebke, W., M. Richmond, J. Somervell, and D. S. McCrickard,
"An Extensible Framework for Information Visualization and Collection",
ACMSE 2003, Savannah GA, pp. pp. 365-370., 03/2003.
McCrickard, D. S., D. Bowman, C. North, and M. A. Pérez-Quiñones,
"Center for Human-Computer Interaction at Virginia Tech.",
Human-Computer Interaction Interact '03, Zurich, Switzerland., IOS Press: Amsterdam., pp. pp. 1061-1062. , 09/2003.
2002
Tessendorf, D., C. Chewar, A. Ndiwalana, J. Pryor, D. S. McCrickard, and C. North,
"An Ordering of Secondary Task Display Attributes",
Extended Abstracts ACM CHI 2002, Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 600-601, 2002.
Colaso, V., A. Kamal, P. Saraiya, C. North, D. S. McCrickard, and C. A. Shaffer,
"Learning and Retention in Data Structures: A Comparison of Visualization, Text, and Combined Methods",
Proc. ED-MEDIA 2002, pp. 2, 2002.
Chewar, C. M., and D. S. McCrickard,
"Dynamic Route Descriptions: Tradeoffs by Usage Goals and User Characteristics",
Smart Graphics 2002, Hawthorne, NY, pp. pp. 71-78, 06/2002.
C. M. Chewar, D. S. McCrickard, A. Ndiwalana, C. North, J. Pryor, and D. Tessendorf,
"Secondary Task Display Attributes -- Optimizing Visualizations for Cognitive Task Suitability and Interface Avoidance",
VisSym 2002, Barcelona Spain, pp. pp. 165-171., 05/2002.
Somervell, J., C. M. Chewar, and D. S. McCrickard,
"Evaluating Graphical vs Textual Secondary Displays for Information Notification",
ACMSE 2002, Raleigh NC, pp. pp. 153-160., 04/2002.
2001
McCrickard, D. S.,
"The Effect of Changes in Information Access Times on Hypertext Choices",
HCII 2001, vol. 1, New Orleans, LA, , pp. pp. 1086-1090., 08/2001.
McCrickard, D. S., R. Catrambone, and J. T. Stasko,
"Evaluating Animation in the Periphery as a Mechanism for Maintaining Awareness",
INTERACT 2001, Tokyo, Japan, pp. pp. 148-156., 07/2001.
McCrickard, D. S.,
"The effect of Variations in Information Access Times on Hypertext Choices",
HCII 2001, New Orleans, LA, pp. pp. 1086-1090, 08/2001.
Brown, Q. Y., and D. S. McCrickard,
"CWIC: Continuous Web Image Collector",
ACMSE 2000, Clemson, SC, pp. pp. 244-252., 04/2000, 2001.
2000
McCrickard, D. S., and A. Q. Zhao,
"Supporting Information Awareness Using Animated Widgets",
USENIX Tcl/Tk Conference (Tcl2K), Austin, TX,, pp. pp 117-127., 02/2000.
1999
McCrickard, D. S., and R. Catrambone,
"Beyond the Scrollbar: An Evolution and Evaluation of Alternative Navigation Techniques",
VL'99, Tokyo, Japan, pp. pp. 270-277., 09/1999.
McCrickard, D. S.,
"Maintaining Information Awareness with Irwin",
EDMEDIA '99, Seattle, WA, pp. pp. 552-557., 06/1999.
Ram, A., R. Catrambone, M. J. Guzdial, C. Kehoe, D. S. McCrickard, and J. T. Stasko,
"PML: Representing Procedural Domains for Multimedia Presentations",
IEEE MultiMedia , vol. 6, no. 2, pp. pp. 40-52., 1999.
1996
McCrickard, D. S., and G. D. Abowd,
"Assessing the Impact of Changes at the Architectural Level: A Case Study on Graphical Debuggers.",
ICSM '96, Monterey, CA,, pp. pp. 59-67., 11/1996.
1995
Stasko, J. T., and D. S. McCrickard,
"Real Clock Time Animation Support for Developing Software Visualizations",
Australian Computer Journa, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. pp. 118-128., 11/1995.
1994
McCrickard, D. S.,
"A Study of Wait-Free Hierarchies in Concurrent Systems",
ACMSE '94, Tuscaloosa, AL, pp. pp. 169-172., 03/1994.
Please see projects at: http://people.cs.vt.edu/~mccricks/
A4RC Summer Research Program 2008
Granting Institution: National Science Foundation (subcontract from NCA&T)
Amount: $15,032
A4RC Summer Research Program 2009
Granting Institution: National Science Foundation (Subcontract under NC A&T State University)
Amount:
Alliance Between Historical Black Universities And Research Universities For Collaborative Education And Research In Computing Disciplines
Granting Institution: National Science Foundation
Amount: $103,877
Collaborative Research: BPC-AE: The Alliance for the Advancement of African American Researchers in Computing (A4RC)
Granting Institution: National Science Foundation
Amount: $49,450
Integrating Scenario-Based Usability Engineering And Agile Software Development Practices
Granting Institution: Meridium
Amount: $75,000
REU Sites: Building Interfaces For Tomorrow's Technology-The Virginia Tech Undergraduate Research In Human-Computer Interaction Program
Granting Institution: National Science Foundation
Amount: $276,715
REU-BPC-AE: Collaborative Research: The Alliance for the Advancement of African-American Research in Computing
Granting Institution: National Science Foundation
Amount: $24,456
STARS Alliance
Granting Institution: National Science Foundation (subcontract from UNC Charlotte)
Amount: $24,718